A | 新能源汽车、储能电站，都离不开它
富阳正在打造“浙江光谷·富春芯城” 制图 高薇
富春江畔的富阳8月6日起，都市快报推出《13天，点亮一座未来之城》系列报道，全景呈现杭州各区、县（市）特色发展路径，用13块“拼图”拼成一幅更高水平创新活力之城的新图景。 Kyiv, Oct 18 (UNI) Russian forces have again targeted Ukraine's energy facilities, leaving part of Kyiv and other cities with no power and water.
Explosions were heard in the capital shortly after 9 am and plumes of smoke billowed from around a power station near the Dnipro river, the BBC reported.
Power and water were cut in Zhytomyr, west of Kyiv, and two facilities were badly damaged in Dnipro.
The latest attacks came 24 hours after Kyiv was hit by "kamikaze" drones on Monday.
The unmanned drones, believed to be Iranian-made, killed at least five people in the capital and four in the northern city of Sumy, and struck critical infrastructure, with power outages reported in hundreds of towns and villages.
Russia has stepped up attacks in recent weeks on electricity infrastructure in cities away from the front lines.
Officials have rushed to repair the damage, but the strikes, ahead of winter, have raised concerns about how the system will respond, the BBC said.
"Ukraine is under fire by the occupiers. They continue to do what they do best - terrorise and kill civilians," said President Volodymyr Zelensky in response to the attacks.
It was not initially clear to what extent drones were involved, although Kyrylo Tymoshenko, deputy head of the presidential office, said an S-300 anti-aircraft missile was fired at a residential building in the southern city of Mykolaiv overnight, killing one person. The city's flower market was also destroyed.
Early on Tuesday, the Zhytomyr mayor said there was no power or water in the city and hospitals were working on back-up power.
Power and water supplies were also disrupted in the central city of Dnipro and officials appealed to residents to use power sparingly
Shelling was reported in the north-eastern city of Kharkiv. Infrastructure in the southern city of Zaporizhzhia was also hit, although local officials said no-one had been hurt.
In some cities, Ukrainians are buying power generators and gas burners, while across the country, people have been urged to reduce their energy consumption at peak times. Some towns are already facing rolling blackouts, the BBC report added.
The latest attacks, by both missiles and drones, have brought renewed calls from the Ukrainian government for the delivery of air defence missiles.
UNI ING。第四天，点亮富阳区。富春江南岸，杭州富加镓业科技有限公司（以下简称“富加镓业”）的研发中心里，静得出奇，只有设备运转时发出的轻响。台子上摆着一排外形像“炼丹炉”的设备，里面“炼”着一种叫氧化镓的白色粉末。炉膛里的温度，高达1800℃。8个小时后，炉盖缓缓抬升，一个通体黝黑、形态匀整的圆锥状晶体出现在眼前，底部直径精准地卡在305毫米，也就是12英寸。今年3月，富加镓业首次研制出12英寸氧化镓单晶，刷新世界纪录，成为全球首家掌握这一技术的企业。“目前，国际上氧化镓衬底的最大尺寸是8英寸，冲12英寸，并不是简单的尺寸放大，而是生长技术的代际飞跃。”富加镓业副总经理黄浩天说。近日，富加镓业率先开展12英寸氧化镓MOCVD外延技术研发，成功将8英寸氧化镓MOCVD外延工艺首次外推至12英寸。这意味着，氧化镓芯片的“地基”做得更大了，未来能造出性能更强、成本更低的电力电子器件。为什么要造12英寸的？氧化镓是一种半导体材料，你可能没听说过它，但用它做出来的功率器件，能扛住更高的电压、承受更高的温度、损耗还更小，新能源汽车、储能电站、智能电网、数据中心，都离不开它。和目前最常用的半导体材料“硅”比起来，氧化镓就像个“特种兵”，更耐高温、更耐高压、性能更强。这个“特种兵”，特别难“伺候”。
B | “氧化镓是单斜晶体结构，各向异性极强，生长过程中哪怕微小的参数扰动，都可能产生杂晶、引发开裂；尺寸越大，控制难度呈指数级上升。”黄浩天说。2019年，富加镓业落户富阳，团队只掌握2英寸小尺寸晶体的生长技术，距离最低6英寸衬底产业化的门槛，还有巨大的差距。“当时，氧化镓产业链在国内近乎空白，更少有企业布局外延、器件配套，美、日企业长期垄断高端衬底材料，对我国实施出口管制。”黄浩天说。怎么啃下这块硬骨头？团队在设计阶段就引入数值模拟技术，精准匹配氧化镓晶体的生长规律；同时，研发自主可控的生长装备，对炉内温场、气流、晶体运动状态实现了微米级的精度调控。
C | 无数次工艺调试之后，大尺寸单晶生长的技术瓶颈终于被突破。
D | 为什么12英寸这么重要？目前，主流的硅基生产线用的就是12英寸规格。氧化镓晶体长到12英寸，就可以直接“借用”现有的成熟产线，未来规模化量产之后，下游功率器件的制造成本会大幅降低。眼下，富加镓业国内首条6英寸氧化镓单晶及外延片生长线已具备量产能力，计划年底建成年产1万片6英寸的生产线。同时，富加镓业也在稳步推进8英寸量产、12英寸技术落地。从2英寸到12英寸，富加镓业用了不到7年时间。
E |
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